ABSTRACT
Introduction: The posterior condylar canal opens at the base of the skull just behind the occipital condyles.Posterior condylar canal is the largest emissary foramen of the posterior cranial fossa. The posterior condylarvein exits the skull through the posterior condylar (or condyloid) canal, which is a communication between thejugular foramen and the condylar fossa. The present study was taken to notethe normal anatomic pattern andvariations of posterior condylar canal.Aims and objectives: To note the presence of bilateral or unilateral and absence of posterior condylar canal(foramen).Materials and methods: The present study was performed on 50 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex collectedfrom the department of anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute, Mysore. Skulls were examinedby direct observation for bilateral and unilateral presence or absence of posterior condylar canal.Results: Of the 50 human dry skulls, we observed presence of bilateral posterior condylar canal (foramina) in 18skulls, unilateral (right) in 10 skulls and unilateral (left) in 12 skulls. The absence of posterior condylar canal(foramina) in 10 skulls.Conclusion: Anatomical variations of posterior condylar canal are important for Neurosurgeons and ENT Surgeons,which gives them a comprehensive knowledge to operate in the vicinity of occipital condylar regions.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The word placenta comes from Latin - flat cake and Greek -”Plakous” which means “flat, slab like.”Only eutherian mammals possess placenta. The human placenta is discoid, hemochorial and deciduate whichfunctions as a fetomaternal organ. It is developed from chorion frondosum & decidua basalis. Abnormalities inthe development and site of insertion of the umbilical cord can affect maternal and fetal well-being. The umbilicalcord is usually attached near the centre of the placenta. The various types of umbilical cord attachment into theplacenta are: central, eccentric, battledore (marginal), velamentous (membranous) and furcate. Hence knowledgeabout the variations in the placental attachment of umbilical cord is important for clinicians.Aims and Objectives: The present study is undertaken to study various types of placental attachment of umbilicalcord.Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 10% formalin fixed 100 normal human placenta collectedfrom department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cheluvamba Hospital for children & women, Mysore medicalcollege and research institute, Mysuru, Karnataka. The study was carried out in department of Anatomy, MMC&RI,Mysuru. Study of various types of placental attachment of umbilical cord was done by naked eye observation.The data obtained was tabulated & statistically analysed.Observations and Results: Out of 100 placenta observed 68 placenta had central attachment of umbilical cord,16 placenta had eccentric attachment, 12 placenta had battledore (marginal) attachment and 04 placenta hadmembranous (velamentous) attachment.Conclusion: Variation in the placental attachment of umbilical cord is associated with various congenitalanomalies. Therefore early prenatal ultrasonographic identification of anomalies helps in reducing risk inmaternal and perinatal outcome.
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Introduction: Spleen plays an important function in immunity and haematological functions. So, nowadays totalsplenectomy is replaced by splenic conservative surgeries. Partial removal of spleen is possible, as the spleenis divided into various segments, supplied by its own artery. The present study was undertaken to know about thesegmental branches of splenic artery.Objectives: 1.To study the number of primary segmental branches of splenic artery. 2. to measure the distancebetween the termination of splenic artery and hilum.Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 79 adult human cadaver spleens by dissectionmethod, irrespective of their age and sex, fixed in 10% formalin solution, collected from the Department ofAnatomy and Forensic Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore.Results: Two primary segmental branches were seen in 56 (70.9%) specimens, three primary segmental brancheswere seen in 19 (24.1%) specimens and four primary segmental branches were seen in 4 (5.1%) specimens. Themean distance between termination of splenic artery and hilum of the spleen was 2.1 cm. and the range wasextending from 0.3 cm to 6.1 cm.Conclusion: The present study adds up to the existing knowledge regarding the segmental branches of splenicartery, the better anatomical knowledge about segmental distribution of splenic artery and its variations areimportant for the partial removal of the spleen.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The atlas, the first cervical vertebra, supports the head. It is unique in that it fails to incorporate acentrum. Because it supports the skull, it was named after Atlas who, according to Greek mythology, supportedthe earth on his shoulders. Frequently bony spurs arise from the anterior and posterior margins of the groove forthe vertebral artery. These are sometimes referred to as Ponticles, and they occasionally convert the groove intoa foramen. More often the foramen is incomplete superiorly. Arcuate foramen also known as ponticulus posticus(Latin for “little posterior bridge”).Aims and Objectives: To study the proportion and various types of ponticuli.Materials and methods: Present study was conducted on 100 adult human atlas vertebrae, collected from thedepartment of Anatomy, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru.Observations and Results: Out of 100 atlas vertebrae examined, 20 atlas vertebrae showed ponticuli of varioustypes. 27 Ponticuli was observed in twenty (20) atlas vertebra as follows: a) Ponticulus posticus -15. b) Ponticuluslateralis -07. c) Ponticulus posterolateral -05. d) Complete Ponticulus -11. e) Incomplete Ponticulus -16.e) Bilateral Ponticulus -07. f) Unilateral Ponticulus -13. g) Right side -17 and Left side -10.Conclusion: Proper identification of this anomaly on preoperative lateral radiographs should alert the surgeonto avoid using the ponticulus as a starting point for a lateral mass screw in order to not injure the vertebralartery. It is also useful to surgeons who face regularly the patients complaining about the symptoms ofvertebrobasilar insufficiency like headache, vertigo, migraine.
ABSTRACT
Background and objective: The dimensions of intervertebral foramen can be altered by various factors. Theobjective of the present study was to measure the dimensions of L1-S1 intervertebral foramen and compare themon both sides and in both sexes.Methodology: The present study was conducted on 10 human cadavers (100 intervertebral foramina), collectedfrom the department of Anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute, Mysore. Descriptive statistics,ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Independent t- test were used appropriately.Results: It was observed that the foramen height was more than foramen length (antero-posterior length) at alllevels. The foraminal height and length at the lower lumbar levels were significantly smaller than those at theupper levels. The difference observed in the morphometry of foramen on right and left side; and with respect togender was statistically not significant.Conclusions: The present study describes the normal parameters of intervertebral foramen.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Sacrum is an important bone for identification of sex in human skeletal system, because the bonesof the body are the lasts to perish after death, next to the enamel of teeth. For sex determination of human skeletalremains, sacrum always captured the attention of forensic science experts and anthropologists. Sex determinationof a skeleton is a problem of concern to Paleoanthropologists, Paledemographers and Anatomists.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 fully ossified adult human sacra of known sex(50 male and 50 female), obtained from department of Anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute,Mysore. Damaged, mutilated, deformed and anomalous sacra were excluded from the study. Sacral index wasmeasured by measuring the length and breadth of individual sacrum with the help of sliding vernier callipers.Observations and Results: The mean maximum length of the sacrum was greater in males (102.68 mm) than infemales (91.11mm), and this difference was found statistically significant. But the difference was not significantfor mean maximum sacral breadth in male (103.80 mm) and in female (105.57 mm). Mean sacral index infemales was greater (116.18%) as compared to that in males (101.26%) and this difference was found statisticallysignificant.Conclusion: The present study showed a significant difference among the average male & female sacral indexesand considers sacral index as a valuable parameter in identification of sex. The male & female sacra areclassified under (Dolichohieric & Hyplatyhieric) and Platyhieric group respectively. Hence, it can be concludedthat sacral index is a reliable criterion for differention between sexes of sacrum that is useful for Anatomists,Anthropologists & Forensic experts.
ABSTRACT
Background: Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) is a deep flexor of forearm. The accessory heads of flexor pollicislongus(FPLah) and flexor digitorum profundus(FDPah) are named after Gantzer who described the same in1831.The less frequent of the two is FDPah, which simulates soft tissue tumor mass or may cause compressionneuropathy of anterior interosseous nerve leading to anterior interosseous nerve syndrome or Kiloh-Nevinsyndrome.Aim: To determine the prevalence and morphology of accessory head of flexor digitorum profundus.Materials and Methods: 50 upper limbs of equal right and left distribution of unknown sex were dissected andexamined in the department of anatomy. Morphological parameters such as shape, origin, insertion and relationto nerve of accessory head of FDP were studied.Results: The prevalence of accessory head of FDP showed 22% .FDPah was most commonly seen on the left side.Most frequently observed shape for FDPah was fusiform and all the accessory heads originated from undersurfaceof flexor digitorum superficialis and majority of the cases were inserted to middle third of tendon of FDP forindex finger. One of the cases had double muscle belly with their tendons inserting to tendon for index finger andmiddle finger of FDP.Conclusion: Knowledge of existence of Gantzer’s muscle may provide surgeon with information for the differentialdiagnosis of the causes and sites of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, also surgical interference for nervedecompression or to differentiate from soft tissue tumors.